Indeed, the practice of child marriage in Indonesia remains prevalent. However, the 2017 IDHS still shows that Indonesia has a median AFM of only 21.8 years, meaning that half of Indonesian women get married before their 21st birthday. IDHS data from 1991 to 2017 show that the median AFM is on an increasing trend. A woman's age at first marriage (AFM) might also indicate her first exposure to sexual intercourse, which can result in pregnancy. In Indonesia, it is a common belief that the transformation of a girl into a woman starts when she marries. Thus, it is essential to further investigate the various risks to which women with labor complications and LBW babies are exposed. When they reach adolescence/adulthood, LBW babies have a higher risk of experiencing cardiovascular diseases and obesity. Additionally, LBW babies tend to have lower motor and cognitive scores than normal-weight babies as they mature. Indonesia's government plans to reduce the proportion of stunted children under 5 years old to 19%, as critical efforts to lower the percentage of LBW babies have become a central focus in maternal and child development. The proportion of stunted children under 5 years old in Indonesia in 2018 was 30.8%, in line with the 2019 target set by Indonesia's National Medium-Term Development Plan to reduce stunting to below 32%. Furthermore, LBW infants tend to have a higher risk of malnutrition (stunting, wasting, and underweight) during infancy. However, Indonesia's NMR is also worse than those of Vietnam and the Philippines, which have lower GDPs per capita than Indonesia. Indonesia's 2016 neonatal mortality rate (NMR) was worse than other countries in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations with higher gross domestic products (GDP) per capita, including Singapore, Thailand, Brunei Darussalam, and Malaysia. In addition, babies with low birth weight (LBW) are highly susceptible to neonatal mortality. The 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) showed that the percentage of mothers who experienced labor complications in Indonesia increased from 25.9% in 1997 to 74.1% in 2017. Moreover, the likelihood of maternity-related death is linked to the risk of obstetric complications and death during pregnancy, during childbirth, or within 42 days postpartum. McCarthy and Maine stated that childbirth complications can result in severe illness for the mother and can be a direct cause of maternal death. However, tremendous efforts must still be made to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) target of 70 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births by 2030. Indonesia targeted reducing maternal mortality to 306 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births by 2019, and the 2015 Inter-Census Population Survey showed that this target had been reached, with 305 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births. The World Health Organization reported that around 295,000 women died during pregnancy and childbirth in 2017, with most of the deaths occurring in poor and developing countries.

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